Several techniques are employed to achieve minimally invasive catalysis, including: - Homogeneous Catalysis: Catalysts are in the same phase as the reactants, often leading to higher selectivity and efficiency. - Heterogeneous Catalysis: Catalysts are in a different phase, typically solid catalysts used in liquid or gas reactions, allowing easy separation and reuse. - Enzymatic Catalysis: Utilizing natural catalysts (enzymes) that operate under very mild conditions and are highly selective. - Photocatalysis: Using light to activate catalysts, often leading to energy savings.
