Identifying and characterizing nodes is essential for understanding and optimizing catalytic processes. Techniques used include: - Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM): Provides atomic-scale images of the catalyst surface. - X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS): Analyzes the electronic states of nodes. - Infrared Spectroscopy (IR): Examines the interactions between nodes and adsorbed molecules. - Temperature-Programmed Desorption (TPD): Studies the desorption characteristics of reactants/products from nodes.
