Various techniques are used to characterize nanoparticle catalysts:
Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM): Provides detailed images of the nanoparticle morphology. X-ray Diffraction (XRD): Used to determine the crystalline structure. Surface Area Analysis: Techniques like BET (Brunauer-Emmett-Teller) are used to measure surface area. Spectroscopy: Methods like XPS (X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy) are used to analyze surface composition and oxidation states.
