LCS can be introduced into catalytic materials through various methods:
1. Nanostructuring: Creating nanoparticles with a high proportion of edges and corners. 2. Surface Engineering: Introducing defects or roughness on the surface of a material. 3. Chemical Etching: Using chemical agents to selectively remove atoms and create vacancies. 4. Thermal Treatments: Applying heat to induce surface restructuring and defect formation.
