Bed packing density is typically measured by calculating the mass of the catalyst and dividing it by the volume it occupies in the reactor. This can be expressed mathematically as:
Packing Density (ρ) = Mass of Catalyst (m) / Volume of Reactor (V)
Laboratory techniques such as mercury intrusion porosimetry and gas pycnometry can also be used to determine the pore volume and density of the catalyst materials.
