Various techniques are employed to study and characterize heterogeneous catalysts, including:
- Surface Area Analysis: Techniques like BET (Brunauer-Emmett-Teller) analysis to measure the surface area. - Spectroscopy: Methods such as X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and infrared spectroscopy to study surface composition and chemical states. - Microscopy: Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to observe the surface morphology and particle size.
