How are Clays Modified for Catalytic Applications?
To enhance their effectiveness as catalysts, clays are often modified through several techniques:
1. Acid Activation: Treating clays with acids increases their surface area and porosity, enhancing their catalytic properties. 2. Pillaring: This involves introducing metal oxides between the clay layers to create a microporous structure, improving thermal stability and surface area. 3. Ion Exchange: Replacing native cations in the clay with other cations like protons, ammonium, or transition metals to improve catalytic activity. 4. Intercalation: Inserting organic molecules or polymers between the clay layers to modify its properties.
