Characterizing catalytic centers is essential for understanding and improving catalytic processes. Techniques used for this purpose include:
- Spectroscopy: Methods such as [X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy](), [infrared spectroscopy](), and [nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy]() can provide information about the electronic and geometric structure of the catalytic center. - Microscopy: Techniques like [scanning electron microscopy]() (SEM) and [transmission electron microscopy]() (TEM) can visualize the physical structure of the catalyst at the atomic level. - Theoretical Methods: [Density functional theory]() (DFT) and other computational methods can predict the behavior of catalytic centers and help in designing new catalysts.
