Yes, surface defects can be controlled through various methods:
1. Synthesis Techniques: Methods such as sol-gel, hydrothermal, and chemical vapor deposition can be tuned to create specific types and amounts of defects. 2. Post-Synthesis Treatments: Techniques like annealing, plasma treatment, and chemical etching can modify the surface to introduce or heal defects. 3. Doping: Introducing foreign atoms into the catalyst material can create controlled defects and alter catalytic properties.