What is Catalysis?
Catalysis refers to the acceleration of a chemical reaction by a substance known as a
catalyst, which is not consumed by the reaction itself. The catalyst works by providing an alternative reaction pathway with a lower activation energy, thereby increasing the rate of the reaction.
Homogeneous Catalysis: In this type, the catalyst is in the same phase as the reactants, often in a liquid solution. It is commonly used in processes like esterification and polymerization.
Heterogeneous Catalysis: Here, the catalyst is in a different phase than the reactants, typically solid catalysts with liquid or gas reactants. This type is widely used in
petroleum refining and the production of chemicals like ammonia.
Catalyst Deactivation: Over time, catalysts can lose their activity due to poisoning, fouling, or sintering.
Recovery and Recycling: Recovering and recycling catalysts can be complex and costly, particularly for homogeneous catalysts.
Environmental Impact: The production and disposal of certain catalysts can have environmental implications.
Green Catalysis: Focuses on developing environmentally friendly catalysts that reduce waste and energy consumption.
Biocatalysis: Utilizes enzymes and other biological molecules as catalysts for industrial processes, offering specificity and efficiency.
Nanocatalysis: Employs nanomaterials to create more active and selective catalysts.
Artificial Intelligence: AI and machine learning are being used to design and optimize catalysts, speeding up the discovery process.
