Metal nanoparticles are effective antimicrobial agents due to their high surface area to volume ratio, which enhances their interaction with microbial cells. The catalytic properties of these nanoparticles enable them to produce ROS, such as hydroxyl radicals and superoxide anions, which can damage cellular components like DNA, proteins, and lipids. Additionally, metal ions released from nanoparticles can interfere with essential microbial enzymes and metabolic processes.
