Acid catalysts, such as sulfuric acid or phosphoric acid, are frequently used in hydration reactions. These acids donate protons (H⁺ ions) that activate the substrate, making it more reactive towards water. For example, in the hydration of alkenes, the acid catalyst protonates the alkene to form a carbocation intermediate. This intermediate then reacts with water to form the alcohol. The use of acid catalysts is advantageous because it often leads to high reaction rates and yields.
