operando microscopy

Which Types of Microscopy are Used in Operando Studies?

Several types of microscopy are employed in operando studies, each with its own strengths and limitations:
Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM): Offers high spatial resolution to observe atomic-level changes but requires thin samples.
Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM): Provides surface morphology and composition with moderate resolution.
X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS): Useful for understanding surface chemistry and oxidation states.
Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM): Enables the study of surface topography and mechanical properties.

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