Which Techniques are Used for Chemical State Analysis?
Several analytical techniques are commonly employed for chemical state analysis in catalysis:
X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS): Provides information about the elemental composition and oxidation states of the elements present on the catalyst surface. X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS): Offers insights into the local geometric and electronic structure of the catalyst, including oxidation states. Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR): Useful for studying catalysts that contain unpaired electrons, providing information on the electronic environments of specific elements. Raman Spectroscopy: Can be used to study the vibrational modes of molecules adsorbed on the catalyst surface, offering clues about the chemical state and interactions.
