X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS) includes techniques like X-ray Absorption Near Edge Structure (XANES) and Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (EXAFS). XANES provides information about the oxidation state and electronic structure, while EXAFS can be used to determine the local atomic structure around the absorbing atoms. This makes XAS a powerful tool for understanding the chemical state and coordination environment of catalysts, especially in operando conditions.
