What Types of Photoemission Spectroscopy are Used?
There are two primary types of PES used in catalysis research: X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and Ultraviolet Photoelectron Spectroscopy (UPS). XPS is typically used to probe the core-level electrons and is highly useful for determining the elemental composition and oxidation states. UPS, on the other hand, is used to study the valence electrons and the electronic states near the Fermi level, which are crucial for understanding the catalytic activity.
