Several advanced characterization techniques are employed to study catalyst geometry. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) are commonly used to analyze the crystal structure and morphology of catalysts. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) provides high-resolution images of catalyst particles, revealing their shape and size at the atomic level. Additionally, spectroscopic methods like X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) can give insights into the electronic environment of the active sites.
