Several advanced techniques are employed to study interfaces in catalysis. These include:
- X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS): Used to analyze the elemental composition and chemical states at the surface. - Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM): Provides atomic-scale images of surface structure. - Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM): Offers high-resolution images of the interface and its morphology. - Infrared Spectroscopy (IR): Used to study the vibrations of adsorbed molecules, giving insights into their interactions with the surface.
