What Techniques are Used to Study Dynamic Systems?
Several advanced techniques are employed to study dynamic systems in catalysis. These include:
- Operando Spectroscopy: This technique allows for the real-time monitoring of catalytic reactions, providing insights into the changes occurring in the catalyst and the reaction intermediates. - In Situ X-ray Diffraction (XRD): This method helps in understanding the structural changes in the catalyst during the reaction. - Temperature-Programmed Techniques: Techniques like Temperature-Programmed Reduction (TPR) and Temperature-Programmed Desorption (TPD) are used to study how catalysts interact with reactants at different temperatures.