What Techniques are Used to Characterize Heterogeneous Surfaces?
Various techniques are employed to study and characterize heterogeneous surfaces: - BET Surface Area Analysis: Measures the specific surface area. - X-ray Diffraction (XRD): Determines the crystalline structure. - Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM): Provides detailed images of the surface morphology. - Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM): Offers high-resolution images of the catalyst's internal structure. - X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS): Analyzes the surface chemistry and electronic states. - Temperature-Programmed Desorption (TPD): Studies the adsorption and desorption properties.