anion vacancies

What Techniques Are Used to Characterize Anion Vacancies?

Several analytical techniques can be employed to study anion vacancies, such as:
- Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR): Useful for detecting unpaired electrons associated with vacancies.
- X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS): Can provide information on the oxidation states and the presence of vacancies.
- Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM): Allows direct observation of vacancies in the crystal lattice.

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