Several analytical techniques are employed in monitoring catalysis, including: - Spectroscopy (e.g., FTIR, NMR, and UV-Vis) - Chromatography (e.g., GC-MS and HPLC) - Thermal Analysis (e.g., TGA and DSC) - Microscopy (e.g., SEM and TEM)
These techniques provide insights into the structural and chemical properties of catalysts and reaction intermediates.