Several advanced techniques are employed in in situ studies to monitor and analyze catalytic processes. These include:
X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS): Provides information on the electronic and geometric structure of the catalyst. X-ray Diffraction (XRD): Used to determine the crystalline structure of the catalyst. Infrared Spectroscopy (IR): Monitors changes in molecular vibrations and can provide insights into reaction intermediates. Raman Spectroscopy: Offers complementary information to IR spectroscopy, particularly useful for carbon-based materials. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM): Allows for the visualization of catalyst morphology and structure at the atomic level. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR): Provides detailed information on the local chemical environment of nuclei in the catalyst.
