Several advanced techniques are employed for in situ analysis in catalysis, including:
1. X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS): This technique provides information on the electronic state and local structure of the catalyst. 2. Infrared Spectroscopy (IR): Useful for identifying surface species and intermediates. 3. Raman Spectroscopy: Offers insights into the vibrational modes of molecules on the catalyst surface. 4. X-ray Diffraction (XRD): Helps in determining the crystalline structure of the catalyst. 5. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR): Provides information on the chemical environment of atoms in the catalyst.
