Various analytical techniques are employed to test and validate catalysts, including:
Gas Chromatography (GC): Used to analyze the composition of vapor-phase products. Mass Spectrometry (MS): Helps in identifying the molecular structure of reaction products. X-ray Diffraction (XRD): Provides information on the crystalline structure of the catalyst. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR): Used to identify functional groups and chemical bonds.