What Techniques are Used in Complex Characterization?
A variety of analytical techniques are employed to characterize catalysts:
1. X-ray Diffraction (XRD): Provides information about the crystalline structure and phase composition of the catalyst. 2. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM): Offers high-resolution images of the catalyst's morphology and particle size. 3. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM): Used for surface morphology and topographical analysis. 4. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS): Analyzes the elemental composition and chemical states of the elements present on the catalyst's surface. 5. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR): Identifies functional groups and chemical bonds. 6. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR): Provides insights into the local chemical environment of atoms within the catalyst. 7. Temperature-Programmed Reduction (TPR) and Temperature-Programmed Desorption (TPD): Analyze the redox properties and adsorption characteristics. 8. Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) Surface Area Analysis: Measures the specific surface area of catalysts, which is crucial for understanding their activity.
