Several advanced techniques are employed for real-time analysis in catalysis:
- Spectroscopy: Techniques such as [IR spectroscopy](), [Raman spectroscopy](), and [UV-Vis spectroscopy]() are commonly used to monitor molecular changes during reactions. - Mass Spectrometry: This technique helps in identifying and quantifying reaction intermediates and products. - Gas Chromatography: Often coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS), it is used for analyzing gaseous reaction products. - NMR Spectroscopy: Provides detailed information about the molecular structure and dynamics of reactants and products.
