Several advanced techniques enable the study of catalysts under in situ conditions. Some of the most commonly used methods include:
1. In Situ X-ray Diffraction (XRD): This technique allows for the observation of changes in the crystalline structure of catalysts during reactions. 2. In Situ Infrared Spectroscopy (IR): IR spectroscopy can provide information on the chemical bonds and functional groups present on the catalyst surface. 3. In Situ X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS): XAS is useful for studying the [oxidation states](), coordination environment, and electronic structure of the catalyst. 4. In Situ Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM): TEM offers high-resolution imaging of catalysts, revealing morphological changes and nanoparticle dynamics. 5. In Situ Raman Spectroscopy: This technique complements IR by providing vibrational information about the catalyst and any intermediates formed during the reaction.
