What Techniques Are Used for Characterizing Catalysts?
Several techniques are employed to characterize catalysts:
- BET Surface Area Measurement: Used to determine the surface area and porosity. - X-ray Diffraction (XRD): Provides information on phase and crystallinity. - Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM): Used for examining particle size, morphology, and distribution. - X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS): Analyzes surface composition and oxidation states. - Temperature-Programmed Desorption (TPD): Used to study the nature and strength of adsorption sites. - Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR): Provides information on chemical bonds and functional groups. - Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR): Offers insights into the local chemical environment of nuclei. - Raman Spectroscopy: Used to study vibrational, rotational, and other low-frequency modes in a system.
