Several methods are employed to refine catalysts, including:
1. Material Design: Tailoring the physical and chemical properties of catalyst materials through techniques like doping or alloying. 2. Characterization: Using advanced tools like X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to understand the catalyst’s structure and surface properties. 3. Computational Modeling: Employing density functional theory (DFT) and other computational methods to predict and optimize catalyst behavior. 4. Testing and Optimization: Conducting extensive reaction tests under various conditions to identify optimal performance parameters.
