Intermediates are often difficult to study due to their transient nature. However, several techniques are used to identify and characterize these species:
1. Spectroscopy: Techniques like IR, NMR, and UV-Vis spectroscopy can provide information about the structure of intermediates. 2. Mass Spectrometry: Useful for determining the molecular weight and composition of intermediates. 3. Computational Chemistry: Quantum mechanical calculations can predict the structures and energies of intermediates, offering insights that complement experimental data.
