Several factors can induce surface reconstruction:
1. Temperature: High temperatures can provide sufficient energy to overcome the activation barriers for atomic rearrangement. 2. Pressure: Changes in pressure, especially of reactive gases, can lead to surface reconstructions as the surface atoms seek to minimize the system's free energy. 3. Chemical Environment: The presence of reactants, intermediates, or products can interact with the surface atoms, leading to reconstruction. 4. External Fields: Electric or magnetic fields can influence the distribution and arrangement of surface atoms.
