The production of catalysts generally includes several key steps:
Raw Material Selection: The choice of raw materials depends on the type of catalyst being produced. Common materials include metals like platinum, palladium, and nickel, as well as metal oxides and zeolites.
Synthesis and Preparation: This involves methods like precipitation, impregnation, and sol-gel processes. The goal is to create a material with high surface area and active sites.
Activation: The catalyst is treated to enhance its activity. This may involve calcination, reduction, or other chemical treatments.
Shaping and Forming: Catalysts are often formed into specific shapes such as pellets, beads, or extrudates to facilitate their use in reactors.
Characterization: Techniques like X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and surface area analysis are used to characterize the physical and chemical properties of the catalyst.
