What Are the Common Methods for Monitoring Catalyst Degradation?
There are several techniques used to monitor catalyst degradation, each with its own advantages and limitations:
1. Spectroscopic Techniques: - X-ray Diffraction (XRD): Used to study changes in the crystalline structure of catalysts. - X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS): Analyzes surface compositions and chemical states of elements. - Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR): Helps in identifying functional groups and surface interactions.
2. Microscopic Techniques: - Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM): Provides detailed images of catalyst morphology and particle size. - Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM): Offers surface topography and composition analysis.
3. Temperature-Programmed Techniques: - Temperature-Programmed Desorption (TPD): Measures the amount of gas desorbed from the catalyst surface, indicating active sites. - Temperature-Programmed Reduction (TPR): Determines the reducibility of catalysts, indicating changes in their oxidation states.
