Interpreting data from these techniques requires a comprehensive understanding of both the catalyst and the reaction system. For example: - XRD Patterns: Shifts in peak positions can indicate changes in lattice parameters due to sintering or phase transformations. - XPS Spectra: Changes in binding energy peaks can reveal information about catalyst surface oxidation states and potential poisoning. - TEM Images: Variations in particle size and distribution can signify sintering or agglomeration.
