Several factors can cause flow fluctuations: - Mechanical Issues: Problems with pumps, valves, or other components can lead to irregular flow rates. - Feed Composition: Variations in the feedstock can cause changes in viscosity or density, affecting flow rates. - Operational Conditions: Changes in temperature or pressure within the reactor can lead to fluctuations. - External Disturbances: Environmental factors such as power outages or upstream process variations can also cause flow fluctuations.