TERS has been employed in various catalytic studies, including but not limited to: - Surface Reactions: Investigating the mechanisms of surface reactions, such as oxidation and reduction processes on catalytic surfaces. - Nanoparticle Catalysts: Studying the activity and stability of nanoparticle catalysts and understanding how their size, shape, and composition affect performance. - Single-Molecule Detection: Identifying and characterizing reaction intermediates and products at the single-molecule level, which is crucial for understanding complex catalytic pathways. - Operando Studies: Performing real-time monitoring of catalytic reactions under working conditions, providing insights into the dynamics of catalytic processes.