Surface defects, such as vacancies, steps, and kinks, play a significant role in catalysis:
1. Vacancies: Missing atoms can create highly active sites for adsorption and reaction. 2. Steps and Kinks: These irregularities can serve as sites for bond breaking and formation, enhancing catalytic activity. 3. Dislocations: These can act as channels for mass transport, affecting the distribution of reactants and products on the surface.
