Several techniques can be employed to study bulk migration in catalytic materials:
1. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR): NMR can provide insights into the mobility of atoms and molecules within a material. 2. Molecular Dynamics (MD) Simulations: MD simulations can model the atomic-scale movements and predict migration pathways. 3. Isotope Tracing: Using isotopically labeled reactants can help track the migration of atoms within a catalyst. 4. Electron Microscopy: High-resolution techniques like TEM and SEM can visualize the migration of atoms and the formation of defects.
