surface composition

How is Surface Composition Determined?

Several advanced techniques are used to determine the surface composition of catalysts:
X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS): Provides information on the elemental composition and chemical states of the surface atoms.
Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM): Offers atomic-scale images of the surface, revealing the arrangement of atoms.
Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES): Analyzes the elements present on the surface and their concentration.
Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS): Provides detailed information on the surface composition and molecular structure.

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