One of the most common methods to measure reducibility is Temperature-Programmed Reduction (TPR). In TPR, the catalyst is exposed to a reducing gas (such as hydrogen) while the temperature is gradually increased. The amount of hydrogen consumed at different temperatures provides information about the reducibility of the material. Other techniques include X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and in-situ X-ray Absorption Near Edge Structure (XANES), which can provide insights into the oxidation states of the catalyst under various conditions.
