Dynamic behavior is studied using various experimental and theoretical techniques:
- In-situ Spectroscopy: Techniques like X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and infrared spectroscopy (IR) allow for real-time monitoring of catalysts under reaction conditions. - Temperature-Programmed Methods: Methods such as temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) and temperature-programmed reduction (TPR) provide insights into the interaction between the catalyst and reactants. - Computational Modeling: Density functional theory (DFT) and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations help in understanding the atomic-level changes in catalysts.
