Detection of contamination can be challenging but is essential for maintaining catalyst performance. Common techniques include:
Spectroscopy: Techniques like X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) can identify surface contaminants. Microscopy: Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) can visualize contaminants on the catalyst surface. Chemical Analysis: Methods like Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) can quantify the presence of elemental contaminants.
