Durability is typically assessed through a combination of accelerated aging tests, real-time operational testing, and post-use analysis. Accelerated aging tests subject the catalyst to extreme conditions to predict long-term performance. Real-time testing involves monitoring the catalyst during actual operational conditions over an extended period. Post-use analysis often includes techniques like X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) to examine structural and compositional changes.
