Catalyst deactivation can be identified through a variety of diagnostic methods, including:
Performance Monitoring: A decrease in reaction yield or selectivity can indicate catalyst deactivation. Spectroscopic Analysis: Techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) can reveal structural changes in the catalyst. Surface Characterization: Methods like BET surface area analysis and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) can detect surface fouling and pore blockage.
