Brønsted acidity can be measured using several techniques. One common method is titration with a base to determine the amount of acid present. Spectroscopic techniques like infrared spectroscopy (IR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) can also be used to identify and quantify Brønsted acid sites. Additionally, temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) of ammonia is a technique often used in heterogeneous catalysis to measure the strength and number of acid sites.
