Doping works by introducing dopant atoms or ions into the crystal lattice or on the surface of the catalyst material. These dopants can create defects, modify the electronic band structure, and alter the surface acidity or basicity. The type and concentration of dopants, as well as the method of incorporation, play a significant role in determining the extent of these modifications. Common methods for doping include impregnation, co-precipitation, ion exchange, and vapor deposition.
