Chemical doping works by incorporating dopant atoms or molecules into the catalyst's structure. This can be achieved through various methods such as: 1. Impregnation: The catalyst is soaked in a solution containing the dopant, followed by drying and calcination. 2. Co-precipitation: Dopants are introduced during the synthesis of the catalyst material. 3. Ion Exchange: Dopant ions replace existing ions in the catalyst's lattice. 4. Sol-gel Method: Dopants are added during the gelation process of catalyst synthesis.
