Catalysts lower activation energy through various mechanisms, including:
1. Adsorption: Reactants are adsorbed onto the surface of the catalyst, which can weaken bonds within the reactant molecules, making them more reactive. 2. Formation of Intermediates: Catalysts can form temporary intermediates with reactants, facilitating the breaking and forming of bonds. 3. Stabilization of Transition States: Catalysts can stabilize transition states, reducing the energy barrier. 4. Proximity Effect: Bringing reactants into close proximity, increasing the likelihood of collisions and reactions.
