The functionality of self-cleaning membranes relies on catalytic processes or surface modifications. In catalytic self-cleaning membranes, catalysts such as titanium dioxide (TiO2) are embedded within the membrane material. These catalysts generate reactive species under specific conditions (e.g., exposure to UV light) that degrade organic pollutants. Surface-modified membranes, on the other hand, use hydrophobic or hydrophilic coatings to repel contaminants, making it difficult for them to adhere to the membrane surface.
